Endnotes

1. Swade, Doron, The Difference Engine; Charles Babbage and
   the Quest to Build the First Computer (New York: Viking,
   2001).
2. Ibid.: 30, 306.
3. Science Museum of London, “Difference Engine No. 2.” See
   http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/babbage/page4.
   asp.
4. 50 Years of Army Computing, ed. Thomas J. Bergin (Adelphi,
   MD: Army Research Laboratory-SR-93, September
   2000): 17. See http://www.arl.army.mil/main/Main/default.
   cfm?Action=235&Page=148.
5. Intel Corp., “Intel Executive Bio: Gordon E. Moore.” See
   http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/bios/moore.htm.
6. Fitzpatrick, Michael, “Internet just leaving its Stone Age
   — U.S. experts,” Reuters News (Sept. 2, 1999). See
   http://www.paksearch.com/br99/Sep/4/INTERNET.htm.
7. World Wide Web Consortium, “Tim Berners-Lee.” See
   http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/.
8. Nielsen Net Ratings, “Three Out of Four Americans
   Have Access to the Internet” (March 18, 2004). See
   www.netratings.com/news.jsp?section=new_pr#.
9. Nielsen Net Ratings, “Two Out of Five Americans Have
   Broadband Access at Home” (Sept. 28, 2005). See http://
   www.netratings.com/news.jsp?section=new_pr#.
10. U.S. Census Bureau, “E-commerce 2003 Multi-sector Reports:
    Highlights” (May 11, 2005). See http://www.census.
    gov/eos/www/ebusiness614.htm.
11. Brand, Stewart and Matt Herron, “1984 Ad,” Whole Earth
    Review (May 1985). See http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/
    mi_m1510/is_1985_May/ai_3754618.
12. SANS Institute, “The Twenty Most Critical Internet Security
    Vulnerabilities (Updated) ~ The Experts Consensus”
    (Nov. 28. 2005). See http://www.sans.org/top20/.
13. Ilett, Dan, “Antivirus firm says organized crime growing
    online,” C/NET News.com (Dec. 9, 2004). See http://
    news.com.com/Antivirus+firm+says+organized+crime+gr
    owing+online/2100-7348_3-5486201.html.
14. F-Secure Corporation Weblog, “One particular outbreak
    a year ago” (Jan. 26, 2005). See http://www.f-secure.
    com/weblog/archives/archive-012005.html#00000454.
15. Guadin, Sharon, “Barrage of Viruses Hits in October,”
    eSecurityPlanet.com (Nov. 1, 2005). See http://www.esecurityplanet.
    com/trends/article.php/3560696.
16. Ilett, Dan, “Most Spam Generated by botnets, experts
    say,” ZDNet UK (Sept. 22, 2004). See http://news.zdnet.
    co.uk/internet/security/0,39020375,39167561,00.htm.
17. Sanders, Tom, “Botnet operation controlled 1.5m PCs,”
    vnunet.com (Oct. 21, 2005). See http://www.vnunet.com/
    vnunet/news/2144375/botnet-operation-ruled-million.
18. Warner, Bernhard, “Home PCs rented out in sabotage-forhire
    racket,” Reuters News (July 7, 2004). See http://www.
    usatoday.com/tech/news/computersecurity/2004-07-07-
    zombie-pimps_x.htm.
19. Stevenson, Reed, and Bernhard Warner, “MyDoom knocks
    down SCO Web Site,” Reuters News (Feb. 1, 2004). See
    http://www.forbes.com/personalfinance/retirement/newswire/
    2004/02/02/rtr1237981.html.
20. “Michigan Man Arrested for Using New Jersey Juvenile to
    Launch Destructive ‘DDOS for Hire’ Computer Attacks
    on Competitors,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, press
    release (March 18, 2005). See http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/
    nj/publicaffairs/NJ_Press/files/arab0318_r.htm.
21. Ilett, Dan, “Expert: Online extortion growing more common,”
    C/NET News.com (Oct. 8, 2004). See http://news.
    Vol. 20, No. 1, Spring 2006 13
    com.com/Expert%3A+Online+extortion+growing+more
    +common/2100-7349_3-5403162.html.
22. “The Rising Epidemic of Cyber Extortion,” SANS
    Advisor (July 2005): 5. See www.sans.org/newsletters/
    advisor/1.1.pdf.
23. “Identity theft losses grow, Web a small factor” (January
    31, 2006). See http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060131/
    wr_nm/crime_identitytheft_survey_dc.
24. Synovate, “Identity Theft Survey Report, ” (Federal Trade
    Commission, September 2003). See http://www.consumer.
    gov/idtheft/media_writing.htm.
25. Experian Interactive, and The Gallup Organization, “Experian-
    Gallup Personal Credit Index Show 18 Percent
    of Consumers Report Being Victims of Identity Theft,”
    PRNewswire (Aug. 3, 2005).
26. Evers, Joris, “Lawsuit seeks disclosure in credit card heist,”
    C/NET News.com (June 27, 2005). See http://news.com.
    com/Lawsuit+seeks+disclosure+in+credit+card+heist/210
    0-7350_3-5765383.html.
27. Menn, Joseph, “Fraud Ring Taps Into Credit Data,” Los
    Angeles Times (Feb. 16, 2005).
28. Clinton, William J., “Weekly Compilation of Presidential
    Documents,” 32, no. 34 (Aug. 21, 1996): 1477. See http://
    frwebgate1.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate.cgi?WAISdocI
    D=205244139720+0+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve.
29. American Medical Association, “HIPAA Violations and
    Enforcement” (Nov. 1, 2005). See http://www.ama-assn.
    org/ama/pub/category/11805.html.
30. U.S. Federal Trade Commission, “In Brief: The Financial
    Privacy Requirements of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act.”
    See http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/buspubs/glbshort.
    htm.
31. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, H.R. 3763, Section 404.
    See http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?c107:1:./temp/
    ~c1078u06Lo:e143423:.
32. Leahy, Patrick, “Specter, Leahy Introduce Personal Data
    Privacy And Security Act Of 2005,” press release (June 29,
    2005). See http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200506/062905a.
    html.
33. Reilly, Kevin, “AMR Research Predicts Compliance is
    an $80B Issue,” AMR Research press release (March 14,
    2005). See http://www.amrresearch.com/Content/View.
    asp?pmillid=18086&docid=12362.
34. CyberSource Corporation, “Fraudsters will take $2.8 Billion
    out of eCommerce in 2005,” press release (Nov. 9, 2005).
    See http://www.cybersource.com/news_and_events/view.
    xml?page_id=1425.
35. Krebs, Brian, “Internet Worm Hits Airline, Banks,”
    Washington Post (Jan. 26, 2003). See http://www.washingtonpost.
    com/wp-dyn/articles/A46928-2003Jan26.html.
36. “SoBig worm not slowing down yet,” CNNMoney.com
    (Aug. 21, 2003). See http://money.cnn.com/2003/08/21/
    technology/sobig/?cnn=yes.
37. Krim, Jonathan, “Credit Data Firm Might Close,”
    Washington Post (July 22, 2005): D02. See http://www.
    washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/21/
    AR2005072102465.html.
38. Evers, Joris “Lawsuit seeks disclosure in credit card heist,”
    C/NET News.com (June 27, 2005). See http://news.com.
    com/Lawsuit+seeks+disclosure+in+credit+card+heist/210
    0-7350_3-5765383.html.
39. “Citigroup: UPS Lost Data on 3.9M Customers,” Reuters
    News (June 6, 2005). See http://www.foxnews.com/story/
    0,2933,158727,00.html.
40. Gordon, Lawrence A., Martin P. Loeb, William Lucyshyn,
    and Robert Richardson, “2005 CSI/FBI Computer Crime
    and Security Survey,” Computer Security Institute (July 14,
    2005): 10. See http://www.gocsi.com.
41. Betterley, Richard S., “CyberRisk Market Survey 2005: More
    Products, More Insureds,” The Betterley Report (June 2005):
    2. See http://www.betterley.com/products.html

Brad Gow is vice president of ACE Professional Risk, where he is
responsible for technology product development as well as overseeing
technology errors and omissions underwriting operations.

Gow has more than 16 years’ experience in the insurance arena,
specifically in product development for professional liability and
cyber risk exposures and in developing network security, incident
response, and forensic computer investigation services for the
insurance industry.

ACE USA is the U.S.-based operating division of the ACE
Group of Companies, headed by ACE Limited (NYSE: ACE).

ACE USA, through its underwriting companies, provides insurance
products and services throughout the United States.

Additional information on ACE USA and its products and
services can be found at www.ace-ina.com. The ACE Group
of Companies provides insurance and reinsurance for a diverse
group of clients around the world.

Reprinted with permission from The John Liner Review,
Volume 20, Number 1; Spring 2006.
Copyright 2006, Standard Publishing Corp., Boston, MA.
All rights reserved.
www.spcpub.com